Men’s Pride Essay Example for Free

Men’s Pride Essay In a story or a work of fiction, the characters are remembered by beliefs and personalities only they possess. These personality and belief make them stand out from all the other characters in the story. They do not have to be the lead protagonist or the main antagonist; rather, their belief or trait makes them the best in the eyes of some readers. In the case of two greatest works of fiction, â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"Othello†, it is the pride of the character and their belief in themselves that makes them stand out from the others. It is the pride and later the ability to set it aside and apologize for their deed. In the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†, Gilgamesh, the great king stood out because he was the proudest of the proud. His belief in himself caused most of the misfortune that took place in the story. Only in the end did he realize his mistakes. The same may be said on Othello in the play that Shakespeare wrote. He was also proud, and this pride has caused as much misfortune in the story as did the trait of Gilgamesh. This also made him stand out from among the other characters. The Mighty Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic that originated in Iraq. It is a Sumerian legend about a great King, who is like a God. He has a strength that cannot be equaled. He is also as powerful as their gods wherein neither man nor animal can defeat him. As such, the gods decided to create another being that can equal him. When Gilgamesh met this being, whom the gods named, Enkidu, Gilgamesh immediately liked him. They easily became friends despite the initial plan of the gods to have Enkidu kill Gilgamesh. Their bond was instantaneous. They started doing a lot of adventures together, even those that are forbidden and may offend gods (Hooker). Unfortunately, in one of their adventures a god was offended and as punishment for this, Enkidu died. After Enkidu’s death Gilgamesh was almost out of his mind and did more dim-witted decisions that caused misfortunes. However, despite what he saw, he did not apologize but rather remained proud. Only after all his adventures did he come to his knees and realized his mistakes (Hooker). From this short synopsis of the epic, it may be seen that at the very beginning, Gilgamesh already showed his pride and belief in his self. He was aware of his great power and the gift of strength that destiny has gifted upon him. The king of Uruk knew that none of his subjects can defeat him or defy him. As such, he lived by this knowledge and used it to his advantage (â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†). He was a proud and tyrannical king and he stood out because of this. Even though his arrogant actions caused the death of his best friend Enkidu, this did not erase the fact that he was a memorable character because of it. He was much known than Enkidu not only because he carried the namesake of the epic’s title, but also because he went against the society. He did not become what other kinds are. He was cruel to his subjects. He was almost an antagonist rather than the lead protagonist due to his pride. He made the story move by not conforming to the people’s expectations (â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†). However, despite the seemingly terrible character of Gilgamesh he should also be commended for being proud of himself. It should be noted that to stand up and remain proud despite other people’s constant prodding to become nicer is a hard task especially for a king. Even the gods were urging him to become kinder to his subjects but he never gave in. Also, it should be noted that his pride is his strength. Because of it, he was able to overcome other difficult tasks that saved his kingdom. Had he not been that arrogant, he would not have risked his life for the tasks that he was assigned to and he would not have been able to save his people. Furthermore, he would have committed suicide as a sign of apology for his actions. Thus, with this, the non-conformity and the trait of Gilgamesh made him a character that is very memorable. The Proud Othello Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† is about the moor Othello, whose life suddenly made a turn because of the envy of one of the other characters. The great Othello was promoted in his job and his first action was to appoint an assistant. Iago, who was expecting to get the job, was not chosen. Instead Cassio became Othello’s lieutenant. In his fury, Iago sought revenge against Othello and Cassio (Shakespeare). In order to have his revenge realized, Iago weaved lies in the lives of both Cassio and Othello, and even in the lives of other characters involved with the two. This twisted the story to the point that this not only caused Othello and Cassio’s death, but as well as other people whose lives were connected to them. Most of the people, including Othello, believed the lies that Iago told them. By the end of the story, Othello could no longer contain his guilt and killed himself and claimed responsibility (Shakespeare). From this short synopsis it may be derived that Othello’s life had been simple in the beginning. It was only made complex by the lies that Iago weaved in order to realize his revenge. Despite the fact that Iago’s characteristics may actually make him stand out, Othello still is the most memorable character. As in the case of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Othello stood out because of his pride and belief in himself. Being a moor, many would have contradicted his promotion. The society may dislike the fact that a man foreign of nature should not lead the army of Italy. However, because of Othello’s pride and confiedence, he proved himself worthy of the title (Black). To further prove that he was not like anyone else, an instance in the story told that most men try to use potions in order to attract the beautiful Desdemona. Desdemona’s father even believed that Othello did the same when he learned that Othello was sleeping with his daughter. But then, because of Othello’s pride and self-belief, he went against the society’s expectations. He was able to lure Desdemona without potions or magic (Shakespeare). Despite the seeming good results of Othello’s arrogance though, it should not be neglected that the same arrogance killed Desdemona at the end of the story. The inability to accept the truth caused him to kill her. This may be considered saddening as it was not entirely his fault. However, he was still the one who smothered her with the pillow (Shakespeare). Othello’s pride and belief in himself made him stand out from the crowd. He did not conform to the expectations that as a foreigner he cannot be a good soldier to their country. He also proved that he can get the woman he admires with sheer manliness and not through potions or magic. Even the fact that he got himself into trouble because of his pride made his character that is not like any other. He defied society’s expectations especially when he took his life at the end of the play. This was an act of remorse for rebelling against the expectations that he did not want to apologize for. He did not conform because it would have meant hurting his enormous ego. Conclusion From the given information, it may be concluded that the two characters in the two given pieces of literature, â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"Othello†, are characters that stood out from the crowd because of their pride and self-belief. Because of being proud, they could not afford to follow what other believed them to follow. They had to show their ability to decide for their own even though it may mean misfortune. They stood out because they went past the people’s expectations and proved themselves better than any other man. They had to act according to their will because of their pride which took great strength. More importantly, in the end of their tales, they showed remorse by killing themselves rather than apologizing which the society expects from them. Works Cited Black, Edward. 2009. â€Å"Oedipus and Othello: Pride and the Tragic Hero†. Lone Star College. 30 April 2009 http://northharris. lonestar. edu/30938/ . â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh. † 2009. Mythmanhelp. 30 April 2009 http://mythmanhelp. tripod. com/id9. html . Hooker, Richard. 1999. â€Å"Gilgamesh†. World Civilizations. 30 April 2009 http://www. wsu. edu/~dee/MESO/GILG. HTM . Shakespeare, William. 2003. â€Å"Othello†. shakespeare-literature. com. 30 April 2009 http://www. shakespeare-literature. com/Othello/0. html .

Advanced Design System

Advanced Design System DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-STUB NOTCH FILTER USING AGILENTS ADVANCE DESIGN SYSTEM (ADSTM) ABSTRACT: The purpose of this case study is to acquire an idea on the design of single-stub notch filters using Agilent advanced design system (ADSTM). By properly calculating the required width, length and insertion loss of the single stub notch filter using ADS one can design a notch filter which can block frequencies not required. In the micro strip layout when wavelength of the stub is , the open circuit of the stub is converted to short circuit and signals along the notch filter are blocked. By adjusting the width and using various functions like line calc the parameters of the filter are calculated and the filter is designed and analysed. Agilent advanced system is an effective software for the analysis of the microwave links. INTRODUCTION: Advanced Design System (ADSTM): Advanced Design System is the industry leader in high-frequency domain design. It supports electronic systems and RF design engineers developing all types of RF designs, from simple to the most complex, from RF or microwave modules to be integrated MMICs for communications and aerospace/defense applications. ADS is With a complete set of simulation technologies ranging from frequency, time, numeric and physical domain simulation to electromagnetic field simulation, ADS lets designers fully characterize and optimize designs. The single, integrated design, GUI graphical user interface environment provides system, circuit, and electromagnetic simulators, along with schematic capture, layout, and verification capability eliminating the starts and stops associated with changing design tools in mid-cycle. ADS can be used for virtual prototyping, debugging, or as an aid in manufacturing test. To enhance engineering productivity and shorten time-to-market, ADS software offers a high level of design automation and applications intelligence. This proven software environment is easily extensible: we can customize ADS by adding features focused on your particular application needs. An AD runs on PCs and workstations, with complete file compatibility between platforms and across networks. [8] Advanced Design Systemis a powerful electronic design automation software used by leading companies in the wireless communication networking and aerospace defence industries. For WiMAXâ„ ¢, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform. Key Benefits of ADS  · Complete, integrated set of fast, accurate and easy-to-use system, circuit EM simulators enable first-pass design success in a complete desktop flow.  · Application-specific Design Guides encapsulate years of expertise in an easy-to-use interface. Components used in (ADSTM) system Term (Port Impedance for S-parameters): Parameters: Name Description Units Default Num Port number Integer 1 Z Reference impedance, use 1+j*0 for complex Ohm 50 Noise Enable/disable port thermal noise: yes, no (for AC or harmonic balance analysis only; not for S-parameter analysis) None yes V(DC) Open circuit DC voltage None None Temp Temperature oC None Table1: Parameters of Term Note: ‘Term can be used in all simulations. For S-parameter simulations it is used to define the impedance and location of the ports. When not in use, it is treated as an impedance with the value R + JX. The reactance is ignored for dc simulations. MLOC (Micro strip Open-Circuited Stub): MLOC symbol MLOC Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 2: Parameters of MLOC Range of Usage: 1≠¤Er ≠¤128 ; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, Er = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1≠¤Er ≠¤20; 0.1Ãâ€"H≠¤W ≠¤100Ãâ€"H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤Er ≠¤128; 0.1Ãâ€"H ≠¤ W ≠¤10Ãâ€"H; 0 ≠¤H≠¤0.13Ãâ€"ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤Er ≠¤16; 0.05Ãâ€"H ≠¤W ≠¤16Ãâ€"H Where, ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations : 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Kirschning and Jansen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Eeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100Ãâ€"H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) MLIN (Micro strip Line): MLIN symbol MLIN Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 3: Parameters of MLIN Range of Usage: 1 ≠¤ ER ≠¤ 128; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, ER = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 20; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 100 Ãâ€" H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 128; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0 ≠¤ H ≠¤ 0.13 Ãâ€" ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 16; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 16 Ãâ€" H Where ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Hammerstad and Jensen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Εeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100 Ãâ€" H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) MTEE (Microstrip T-Junction): MTEE symbol MTEE Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Subst Microstrip substrate name None W1 Conductor width at pin 1 Mil W2 Conductor width at pin 2 Mil W3 Conductor width at pin 3 Mil Temp Physical temperature  °C Table 4: Parameters of MTEE Range of Usage: 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W1 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W2 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W3 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H Er ≠¤ 20 Wlargest/Wsmallest≠¤ 5 where Wlargest, Wsmallest are the largest, smallest width among W2, W2, W3 f(GHz) Ãâ€" H (mm) ≠¤ 0.4 Ãâ€" Z0 Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line with Wlargest Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain model is an empirically based, analytical model. The model modifies E. Hammerstad model formula to calculate the Tee junction discontinuity at the location defined in the reference for wide range validity. A reference plan shift is added to each of the ports to make the reference planes consistent with the layout. 2. The center lines of the strips connected to pins 1 and 2 are assumed to be aligned. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency-domain analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). Single-stub notch filter: In Radio Communication Systems, undesired harmonics are generated. A micro strip notch filters undesired harmonics in a narrow band device like a mobile phone. A Notch filter is a device that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band centred on a centre frequency. The quality factor plays a major role in eliminating the frequencies undesired. Quality factor (Q) of a band pass or notch filter is defined as the centre frequency of a filter divided by the bandwidth. Where, bandwidth is the difference between frequency of the upper 3dB roll off point and frequency of the lower 3dB roll off point. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY: place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, optical fibres, electric power lines, and waveguides. Consider the micro strip layout of a notch filter, In the designing of the micro-strip circuits (i.e. filters), the basic parameters are impedance Z0 and guide wavelength ÃŽ »g which are considered as TEM transmission line. The impedance in the open circuit stub Zin is as given below, Zin = ZS} Where ZL=∞, so we ignore ZS Zin = ZS} = ZS { } = ZS { } = j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l However, l = , ÃŽ ² l = = Therefore, cot ÃŽ ² l=0 So, Zin = -j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l=0 hence â”Å'L = = ∞/∞ = 1 so VSWR = = 2/0 = This indicates that the signal whose wavelength is will have very low impedance and hence it is a short circuit Thus Insertion loss response at frequency f0 is high except for other frequencies, this is because cot ÃŽ ² l is no longer zero. Insertion loss and return loss are two important data to evaluate the quality of many passive fiber optic components, such as fiber optic patch cord and fiber optic connector and many more. Insertion loss: Definition The Insertion Loss of a line is the ratio of the power received at the end of the line to the power transmitted into the line. Insertion loss refers to the fibre optic light loss caused when a fibre optic component insert into another one to form the fibre optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fibre optic components. We want the insertion loss to be as less as possible. Our fibre optic components insertion loss is less than 0.2dB typical, less than 0.1dB types available on request. An expression for insertion loss is IL= 10log10 [1 +(YS/2)2] Return loss: Return Loss is a measure of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is commonly expressed in positive dBs. The larger the value, the less energy that is reflected. Return loss can be calculated using the following equation: IMPRLT10.gif (1294 bytes) Return loss is a measure of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), expressed in decibels (db). The return-loss is caused due to impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. For a simple cable assembly, there will be a mismatch where the connector is connected to the cable. There may be an impedance mismatch caused by bends or cuts in a cable. At microwave frequencies, the material properties as well as the dimensions of the cable or connector plays important role in determining the impedance match or mismatch. A high value of return-loss denotes better quality of the system under test (or device under test). For example, a cable with a return loss of 21 db is better than another similar cable with a return loss of 14 db, and so on. Phase Response of the notch filter: The phase response of a notch filter shows the greatest rate of change at the centre frequency. The rate of change becomes more rapid as the Q of the filter increases. The group delay of a notch filter is greatest at the centre frequency, and becomes longer as the Q of the filter increases. EXPERIMENT SUB PARTS CASE-STUDY PART 1: Aim: Designing and simulation of a notch filter at 3 GHz using Agilents ADSTM for the given design specifications. Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 MLIN, MLOC and MTEE are micro strip elements defined in ADSTM which is used to construct the circuit Explanation: We need to simulate and design a notch filter at 3 GHz here, using Agilents ADS. When the above specifications are used in ADS, the width of the microstrip lines is obtained as 2.42mm corresponding to 50 ohms transmission line using Line calc function. The Line Calc function is also used to determine the effective dielectric constant (Keff) of 3M Cu-clad Substrate at 3.0GHZ from which the initial, length of the open circuit stub can be calculated. ÃŽ µr = 2.1 Keff = 1.854 at 3.0GHZ (from line calc) , ÃŽ »0 = 100 m (at 3.0 GHZ) ÃŽ »g = ÃŽ »0 /(Keff)1/2 = 100/(1.854)1/2 =73.44mm; ÃŽ »g/4 =18.36 mm The initial design length of the open circuit stub is 18.354 mm. Thus we obtain the following substrate specifications at Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz, Insertion loss: greater than 25.0 dB and Input/output Impedance: Material type: 3M Cu-Clad, Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17, Thickness (h): 0.794m, Conductor thickness (t): 35um, Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m, taná ¶ ¿=0.0009, l = 18.36mm W(Width of the micro strip lines)=2.42mm From these specifications we obtain the plot of Insertion Loss Response(S21) indicating about 49.234 dB attenuation near 3 GHz which is shown in 8 To observe the effect of varying the length of the open circuit stub , the same procedure of simulation is repeated twice or thrice with different values of length of open circuit stub given as follows L1=20, L2=18.34, L3=16.As we can see in the 9 that as the length of open stub increases the frequency decreases. As the length of open stub must be ÃŽ »g/4 and so the 50ÃŽ © micro strip line is blocked and hence the signal is passed and if there is change in the length then the micro strip is not blocked hence the signal is blocked. Analysis of the case study 1: From the case study1, it proves that at wavelength ÃŽ »g/4 the open circuit at point S of the stub is transformed to short circuit and the signals passing along AB micro strip is blocked. Thus we design a filter at 3 GHz frequency. When the wavelength is ÃŽ »g/4 the signal will see very low impedance to ground at point S and hence is short circuited. This signal will be absorbed from the signals applied at input A, which will manifest high attenuation in its insertion loss at 3GHz.All other signals remain unaffected, hence low insertion loss accept near 3GHz. CASE-STUDY PART 2: Aim: Using the ADSTM Tuning facility, investigate the effect of varying the width of the stub filter. Determine the width of line which provides minimum out of band loss whilst maintaining the original filter specifications (i.e.>25 db at 3.0 GHz) Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 CS2 10: Circuit Diagram of Stub Notch filter obtained by ADS Simulation Explanation: When the width of the stub is 5mm and length is 18.8mm the response obtained is as shown below Now we vary the width of the stub to investigate the effect. . In this process the width of the stub filter is changed at different values from w1=5mm, w2=2.5mm, w3=2mm, w4=1mm, w5=0.2mm as shown in 12. Here we also note that when varying the width of line, both the width of the stub line and corresponding width on the MTEE section must is varied. After varying the width using tuning fork function of the ADS facility we obtain a response at 3GHz and width is noted as 0.2mm.The 13 shows the following. Analysis of case study 2: The width of the line determines its impedance. If the impedance is high thinner the line and viceversa.When the width of the i/o transmission line is equivalent to the width of the stub then Insertion loss is at 0Db and when width of the i/o transmission line is greater than the width of the stub then Insertion loss tends to 0Db. In the above case thus we vary the width of the stub and transmission line and when centre frequency is 3 GHz and the width is 0.2mm the insertion loss is very low. Lower the insertion loss more is the signal transmitted. CASE- STUDY PART 3: Aim To design a notch filter at centre frequency of 4.5GHZ and it should cancel the spurious signal and unwanted harmonics by at least 24db with minimum out of band loss with the specifications given below Requirement: Electrical specifications: Centre frequency: 4.5 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 Explanation: In the responses shown below we have obtained the 24 dB difference by adjusting the frequency at 4.5 GHz. In CS3 14 the length and width are adjusted to obtain the particular response Analysis of case study 3: In case study 3 we understand the way of designing a notch filter to cancel the spurious signals generated by wireless communication systems. CONCLUSION: This case study helps us analyse the notch filter. The notch filter is designed and its basics and working are understood. The tool ADS proves very effective in this learning. To conclude, this experiment gives us a broader knowledge about transmission theory. The concept is deeply understood. In wireless communications the unwanted harmonics and spurious signals generated are cancelled by this notch filter enabling a better reception. Thus designing of such a notch filter is learnt.

Importance Of Explicit Knowledge Information Technology Essay

Importance Of Explicit Knowledge Information Technology Essay This document deals about the importance of Explicit Knowledge in the organizations. Most of the knowledge occurs in the organizations in the form of tacit knowledge. Here we deal with how to transform the tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. The accumulation, storage and reuse of the explicit knowledge. Here we are talking about the barriers in the acquiring of explicit knowledge. The use of technology for the purpose of accumulation, storing and reuse of knowledge is also discussed. Todays business environment knowledge is emerged as a driving force in the organization. The knowledge workers and their ability are very important (LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 : 347). Recent studies show that organizations success depends on its ability to learn and adapt to particular situation. The unique performance in the organization is the key to outperform their competitor.(LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 : 348). In organization there are mainly two types of knowledge exist tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge .Scholars noticed that most part of human knowledge is present in the form of tacit knowledge (UNGAN (2006):403) . Its in the minds of the people. Explicit Knowledge is the knowledge that is expressed and documented. The documented and codified knowledge will have a structure and is easily accessed by others. (STOVER 2004 : 164).To create true knowledge it is necessary to see tacit and explicit knowledge as complem entary and both are needed to knowledge creation. IMPORTANCE OF EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE: Tacit knowledge is something that is acquired by individuals experience in particular area. It help him to find solution for problems faster than his colleagues It is acquired through once experience and experiment in particular field (STOVER 2004 : 165). Articulating the tacit knowledge, making tacit knowledge explicit is very important in the perspective of the organization (STOVER 2004 : 165).Explicit knowledge is described in structured language. It is mainly more technical data this knowledge is gained mostly through formal education or by structured study .This will help organizations to preserve their huge knowledge capital from losing. When employees leave organization they take with them the huge amount of knowledge. (STOVER 2004 : 165). Valuable Knowledge will be wasted if organizations fails to collect , standardize and store and share the knowledge. The KM scholars believes that the articulation of knowledge helps the organization and individuals to access the knowledge in a cost effective way. Explicit knowledge is carefully organized and stored in data bases in priority basis .It should be accessible with high quality , fast and easily. The explicit knowledge can be reused for sole problems of similar kind (SMITH 2001 : 315).For instance Anderson consulting created methods to codify store and reuse explicit knowledge. They used a people to document approach. It took information from person who developed it and made independent to its developer. All the sensitive information is removed and it can be used in the same similar context (SMITH 2001 : 315).When knowledge is shared among the members of the organization , it can be viewed as organizational history and experience (BONTIS 1998 : 64). In small companies they manage their knowledge is by training the new employees. Its a costly process. Thats where the importance of comput er based learning comes. Transformation of tacit to explicit knowledge is important here (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001:330). If a expert employee got sick or left the organization the expertise of that employee is not available for a fixed amount of time or permanently (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001:331). In job market skilled and experienced workers are getting retired. New young workers are replacing them . So there is a high demand for sharing of experience . This can be possible by the articulation of tacit knowledge they have gained from their experience (JACKSON 2010:915). EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE CREATION EXPLAINED IN S.E.C.I AND BA MODEL In S.E.C.I model externalization phase deals with the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. For knowledge transformation they use different methods. Some of the methods are storytelling , narrative and using some IT medias like emails, chat rooms etc. The knowledge should be structured so as it should provide accessible and reusable. Externalization should be structured then the knowledge can be made sensible and available for potential users(JACKSON 2010:911).Top management can influence the externalization of knowledge. They can encourage the teams to develop their own metaphor for what they should do (RICHTNER AND AHLSTROM 2010:1020).The creation of concept of a new product is the example of externalization. In combination phase the extracted knowledge is standardized and systematic procedures to combine the knowledge using computer database or an expert system. The internalization deals with the transformation of explicit knowledge again to tacit knowledge by t he use of stored explicit knowledge.(STOVER 2004 : 165). The meaning of Ba is place . Ba does not mean only the physical space . It is the concept of interaction . For the creation of knowledge a space is necessary. This space may be a physical one or a virtual like online one. There are four types of Ba . Among that dialoguing ba deals with the face to face interaction . It is the space where individuals share knowledge. The process of tacit to explicit knowledge conversion happens here. Dialoguing ba is more structured than the previous ba . In systematic ba the collected knowledge is combined to a more structured form. The use of information technology like online networks , group ware etc contribute to systemizing ba .The excersiing ba where the stored knowledge is shared through virtual media or print etc. The healthy interaction between all these ba can amblify the knowledge creation ( Nonaka,I.Toyama,R and Konno,N.(2000) :16-17). BARRIERS IN KNOWLEDGE ARTICULATION: Converting tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is a tedious job. As we said tacit knowledge is embedded in the minds of the individuals. This make it difficult to formalize and express. There are some personal issues in articulating the knowledge. Individuals believe that articulating the knowledge one may lose his competitive advantage. Some people believe their knowledge is not worth expressing . Some KM scholars believe that language barriers also hinder the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. (STOVER 2004: 166) The culture of the organization also may be a factor that hinders knowledge generation and sharing in the organization. There may be political issues between the departments that prevent the transfer of knowledge. Sharing culture is very important before implementing any strategies in any organization (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 : 100). Knowledge transfer requires groups or individuals to work together and share their expertise and knowledge. The knowledge transfer does not occur unless group or individuals shows a co-operate behavior(SYED-IKHSAN AND ROWLAND 2004 : 96). Individualism is one of the major factors that hinder the creation and transfer of knowledge in any organization ( Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 : 100). For the sharing of knowledge there should be trust among the employees. In project team leadership style also effect the process of knowledge sharing(MA,QI AND WANG 2008:101).The authoritarian style leaders give no chance for the team members to participate and share knowledge. While the democratic style leaders encourages team members to interact and share knowledge (MA,QI AND WANG 2008:101).Another factor that hinders the knowledge sharing in the public organization is limited access to the resources (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 : 100).Time is one of the major factors that inhibits the process of a rticulating the tacit knowledge. Most of the employees have a little time for articulating their knowledge. Patrick and Lee done research and they contradicted the views of Richard and Kabjian who says the fear of losing superiority and reward system are inhibitors of knowledge sharing. They also argues that the size of the company is not a problem in knowledge transferring (FONG LEE 2009:304) Some KM scholars like Swartz and Marwick argues technology is unable to provide a complete solution for knowledge capture . At many instance the experts find it is very difficult to trigger a knowledge person by query unless they are put into problem situation (JACKSON 2010 :911). Researchers found that the fear of not being adequately rewarded is the one of the barrier for the knowledge sharing. CAPTURING KNOWLEDGE: As we said conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is difficult. There are several ways in which tacit knowledge can be made explicit. The formal ways of interviewing is a useful method. In interviews participants are asked structured questions. This format of interview should be made such that they shouldnt feel that the articulation is happening (STOVER 2004 : 166-167).The level of details available in documentation depends on the purpose of documentation (UNGAN 2006 : 404).For conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge the interviewer should accompany the knowledge worker in his process. In between the knowledge can be articulated. For this formal language is used (UNGAN 2006:407) . Individuals poses high level of tacit knowledge . If organizations fail to track it then it cannot be made explicit and will not reach its fullest potential (BONTIS 1998:66). The role of knowledge managers is very important. He can encourage the employees to share their knowledge and make them explicit (STOVER 2004 : 166-167). The knowledge management is riskier unless the organizations take initiatives and reward system for sharing of knowledge (SMITH 2001 : 312). For instance Buckman Laboratories recognizes their knowledge in their annual conference. Lotus one of the divisions of IBM evaluates the customer support workers on the basis of their knowledge sharing activities (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002 : 64). Xerox developed a system called Eureka which is meant for the maintenance engineers to share their ideas and experience .Once these ideas are posted they are verified and made available for service engineers all over the world. This help the Xerox in saving $100 million . Companies like Cap Gemini Ernst Young makes merit decision based on the knowledge sharing activity of its employees .In these companies the people who are posting ideas are evaluat ed and then posted into the knowledge contribution database(BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002:67). Technology is important in collecting and codifying knowledge. There should be a strong framework for the systematic storing of knowledge. IT itself cannot helps something to get out of someones head. It is the role of managers to find out what is important for the organization . Some KM theorist like Pawar doubts the centralization of knowledge. He states that centralization of knowledge will reduce the cost of sharing the knowledge . He agrees the role of role of technology plays in the acquiring, storing and structured distribution of knowledge . Combining the intellectual property with IS will help the individual intellectual property to the group property (BONTIS 1998:66).KM combined with It will support the data mining and sharing of explicit knowledge (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 :333).Internet is one of the major repository of explicit knowledge(WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 : 335). Knowledge exchange protocols can be used in transferring tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. SOAP protocol which is used by physicians is one of the examples. This protocol helps to structure clinician patient conversation and helps to share issues by understanding the physicians thinking. This also helps in documentation of patient medical record (HERSCHEL,NEMATI AND STEIGER 2001:107).New generation tools such as wikis , blogs ,social networking etc. helps a greater collaboration in work place. This will solve some of the problems associated with knowledge capturing. These forms even can accommodate videos , images etc. It can be used to capture informal indicates of tacit knowledge (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002:64).This videos and images can then be summarized based on the content . They can be linked to topics of relevance and stored. These can be accessed through portals later (COAKES 2006:583). Mobile technology can be used for the capture of knowledge .In organizations there will be mobile workers will be advantaged by these technology. The challenge is how to incorporate the this knowledge to main memory. Information technology can be used as a powerful tool. It can be transformed from the role of storing and retrieving data to improve access to knowledge by removing the spatial obstacles of knowledge transfer. IT has got a ability to spread knowledge across different departments of the organizations (TOHIDINIA AND MOSAKHANI 2010 : 615). CONCLUSION: For any organization the Knowledge is very important. The conversion of Tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is very risky process. There are the barriers like individualism, politics inside the organizational departments. The factor of trust plays a major role in conversion of knowledge . For some small companies the cost of knowledge sharing is not affordable. Technology can play a major role in the tacit to explicit knowledge transfer. There are new generation technologies that can be used for the this purpose. The reward system is one factor that will encourage knowledge transfer. The role of the management in promoting the knowledge conversion is very important . The uniqueness of knowledge the organization owns will brig the organization the competitive advantage.

Essay --

Jhumpa Lahiri is an Indian American author who likes to write mainly about the experiences of other Indian Americans. She is a very successful author. She won the Pulitzer Prize for her first novel and her fiction appears in The New Yorker often. One of those works from 1998 is a short story, â€Å"A Temporary Matter†, about a husband and a wife, Shukumar and Shoba, whose electricity will be temporarily cut off for one hour for five days. This seems simple enough, but as you read the story you find that maybe it’s their marriage that might be the â€Å"temporary matter† itself. The title is interesting from the beginning. It gives us hints about the setting, the characters and their situation, as well as plants the whole theme of the story. The story circles around two big things, the death of a baby and Shukumar and Shoba’s failing marriage. Although this is the case, it also focuses a lot on the little things. Lahiri uses small details to point out the pain and lack of communication between Shukumar and Shoba. When Shukumar thinks back to the last time he saw Shoba pregnant, he doesn’t remember if she looked happy or sad, he remembers the much smaller things, such as the cab. â€Å"Each time he thought of that moment, the last moment he saw Shoba pregnant, it was the cab he remembered most, a station wagon, painted red with blue lettering. It was cavernous compared to their own car. Although Shukumar was six feet tall, with hands too big ever to rest comfortably in the pockets of his jeans, he felt dwarfed in the back seat.† As incon siderate as it may seem, this is actually how many people remember important events in their lives. Important events don’t go through our memory as sequential narratives, but in a series of random feelings, sens... ... all of the little, yet important details. In the end, we understand that all this time Shoba has been trying to tell Shukumar that she has been looking for apartments and finally found one. Shukumar is relieved, yet sickened by the thought of her wanting a life separate from him. This shakes him into sharing information that is sacred to Shoba in hopes that it would always be her mystery; the sex of their baby. We are left with a cliffhanger. All we know is the information the last sentence provides us, â€Å"They wept together, for the first time in their lives, for the things they now knew.† Possibly them weeping is a sign of them coming together to grieve. It marks another turning point in their lives, much like when they lost their child. We just don’t know if that turning point is them staying together or weeping in knowing that they are going their separate ways.

The Writings of John Updike :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Writings of John Updike      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Updike's Rabbit books tell the story of a man whose life is in constant turmoil. Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom's downward spiral started the day his senior basketball season ended. Rabbit was a basketball jock; he knew nothing else. He married his high school sweetheart more out of convenience than love and worked in the same printing press as his father. Rabbit couldn't face the working world, couldn't face his parents, and couldn't face his wife and son. He was constantly caught somewhere in the middle ground between righteousness and sinful pleasure. Rabbit's mind was constantly wandering, searching for something he could hold on to, something that would remain constant through the thick and thin of life. He needed another basketball.    Rabbit's life is the perfect model for a case study on how not to live. Anything appealing that entered his mind, he did it. Rabbit cheated on his wife, ignored his mother, was unaffected when his wife left him, took up with an eighteen year old girl when he was well into his thirties and did not attempt to hide any of it from his twelve year old son, Nelson. Rather than getting tough when times were hard, Rabbit ran. He ran from a pregnant wife, Janice, from Nelson who was then twelve, from employment, from his parents, from everything. Rabbit practiced the opposite of perseverance. When life wasn't going well, Rabbit simply moved on to something else.    Rabbit matters because he was so wrong. Our thoughts often mimic Rabbit's actions. But Rabbit takes the heat for us. His twisted, perverse life shows us that the choices he made were the wrong ones. Not to imply that he was in any way godly, but like Jesus, Rabbit suffered for our sins. How many times do we find ourselves bored in life, wishing that we could just move on to something else, give up and start over? Each time we do, we can remember Rabbit. Rabbit reminds us that without work, life is not fulfilling. He shows us that you can't start over, that you can never leave your life behind.    Rabbit shows us that we have to live with our mistakes, that we can't just act like they never happened. Rabbit tries to run, but he can't. He reminds us that people don't just forget and move on.

Negative Impact of Advertisement Essay

Advertising is a tool widely used by businesses and the media to promote their products. Unfortunately, advertising is pushing America more and more into a quick downward spiral. Advertisement acts like a fish hook for consumers. They have baits about the interest and wants of their consumers. Then when consumers grab a hold of it, advertisers reel them in on buying the products. The majority of advertisements are alarmingly misleading. They also convey an unrealistic view of certain products. Companies pay millions of dollars a year on advertising and go beyond the limit to persuade their customers. Little do consumers know they are indulging in this unnecessary luxury with nothing to gain. Advertising is unethical due to its negative impact on children, false images, and unrealistic expectations; however, advertisements do perform an important role on providing services to society. Without a doubt children are affected the most by advertising. At a young age, a child allows their mind to be molded and constructed. They don’t have much understanding of all the negative effects of the media and its advertisements. Children grow up to be everything they are surrounded by, as they are very susceptible to all outside influences. In many cases, children are most likely tended to misinterpret the messages conveyed through the advertisement. They end up having misinformed beliefs about many issues, which creates a desire to own a particular product being advertised. Joseph McLaughlin, a researcher from Fordham University, stated that â€Å"Children younger than 6 are especially susceptible to television advertising because many of them can’t tell the difference between a commercial and a program.† Because they are not able to distinguish the difference, glossy images in magazines, billboards, or flashy advertisement on television only create the im pulse for excessive desire to buy. Eric Schlosseris a well-known journalist that wrote the article â€Å"Kids Kustomers†. Along with McLaughlin, Schlosser shares a similar statement about advertising toward children. He  says, â€Å"The aim of most children’s advertising is straight forward: get kids to nag their parents and nag them well† (521). This means that advertisers are trying to focus their attention to make kids want their products and nag their parents until they get it for them. Children are the future, and an important part of the present as well. With these kinds of effects of advertising on them, this only creates a very wrong impression on their young minds about living without the needs of materialistic joys. Above all else, advertising is unethical. It creates an unrealistic image that urges people to buy in on the product. It gives them a natural high from the initial â€Å"new† or â€Å"delicious† feeling and leaving them unsatisfied after the feeling has worn off. Fast food advertisements are well known for exaggerating their products. Katie Robbins from Delish, wrote an article called â€Å"Fast Food: Truth behind Advertising†. In the article she says, â€Å"It looked so juicy and hearty, piled high with crunchy pickles and onions and resting on a soft, pillowy bed of a bun. But the actual sandwich that greeted when we ordered it at the Golden Arches didn’t look quite like the images we’d been seeing on billboard. Tired and limp, it was the anemic younger brother of the plucky McRib of our dreams† (Robbins). This means that people invest in a product they believe they saw in the advertisement but in reality, it’s just a pathetic excuse for fast food joints to make money. False beauty in advertising and pressure to look good caused many women to strive for the ideal perfection. Like Robbins, Jo Swinson, a writer from CNNopinion also wrote an article about how advertising contains false images. She stated: For some, the desire to look as perfect as these models can become all-consuming, and a wealth of evidence suggests that people in the UK are experiencing serious body image problems — a trend undoubtedly replicated around the globe. People unhappy about their bodies can develop eating disorders, turn to diet pills or steroids, or try cosmetic surgery and Botox injections. This means that women everywhere are willing to starve themselves or go beyond the limit to get the perfect body, to make them look like their favorite celebrities even. Advertising create unrealistic expectations. Ads for prescription drugs aimed directly toward consumer have resulted in unrealistic expectations  about the effectiveness of the drugs and its side-effects. In these kinds of advertisements, the visual images only show healthy, happy people. It never truly shows the actual downside effects of the drugs. Beauty and health products share a similar component by not living up to their promises; therefore, resulting in wasting consumer’s money once again. Herman CP, a psychologist from PubMed stated, â€Å"The false-hope syndrome suggests that unrealistic expectations in advertising about dieting set dieters up for failure.† This shows that fitness and health ads set consumers up to failure when they don’t see a change in their body, thus lead them to lose hope and give up. Gina-Marie Cheeseman from TriplePundit, shares a similar argument with Herman about unrealistic expectations. She says, â€Å"One of the implicati ons is that is creates an unrealistic expectation about the product that the company is advertising. Airbrushing sure does create unrealistic expectations, and U.S. women are shelling out money to meet those expectations.† This means that women everywhere are spending money on products to enhance their beauty to look like the one they see in the advertisements. Little did they know, advertisers used Photoshop and airbrushing to enhance the look of their models. Advertising however, still plays an important role on providing services to society. It offers social benefits. Along with that, advertising can be used to promote free speech since it is free speech: â€Å"This is especially true in countries where free speech has been suppressed. Advertising there, especially when it comes from the Western world where free speech is embraced, can encourage the idea that free speech is important,† says by Miranda Morley, a writer from SmallBusiness. This shows that advertising can be influential to foreign country that doesn’t allow freedom of speech. Like Morley, John E. Calfee also talks about how advertising is useful. He says, â€Å"But advertising does much more. It routinely provides immense amounts of information that benefits primarily parties other than the advertiser. This may sound odd, but it is a logical result of market forces and the nature of information itself† (98). Through providing information, it gives it a reason for research, and that research is backed-up by a firm sponsor thus creates credibility through its products. Although advertising plays an important role in society, unfortunately it is one of the major reasons why America is spinning into a downward spiral, doing major harm with little positive intention. Murray Lunn, a writer from Helium says, â€Å" Deceitful advertising, over the years, have caused consumers to associated the majority of advertising as a â€Å"sleazy† attempt to make them buy a product or service; participating in these types of advertising methods can cause a â€Å"black eye† on a business to the marketplace.† This means that businesses may put themselves in danger in the marketplace if they participate in these deceitful advertising. An article written by Shelly Frost, a writer from SmallBusiness, talks about how advertising affects businesses. She stated, â€Å"The Company is sometimes charged a fine for both current false advertising and any future incidents of deceptive advertising. If the company is sued, additional expenses come in the form of legal fees and money that must be paid to consumers who filed the suit.† Companies could lose more many than what they spend on making the advertisements if they’re caught false advertising. Advertising has long been seen as a way to convince consumers to spend their dollars on products or services they may not truly need. It is unethical. Women, who would see beauty ads, would want to emulate the thinness and beauty of such models. Today’s society has become cultures of consumerisms, and it is teaching children the false sense of self-worth. Also those consumers that were given the false impression about a product through various forms of media tend to suffer the most from society’s portrayal of the perfect body. Advertising is unethical and if not monitor carefully, it can affect and individual more negatively than for the better. Works Cited Calfe, John. â€Å"How Advertising Informs to Our Benefits.† Common Culture: Reading and Writing about American Popular Culture. 4th Edition. Ed. Micheal Petracca and Madeleine Sorapure. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2004. 97-109. Print. Lunn, Murray. â€Å"The Negative Effects of Advertising.† Helium. N.p., 03 Feb. 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. Frost, Shelley. â€Å"Negative Effects of False Advertising.† Small Business. Chron, 05 June 2010. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. McLaughlin, Joseph. â€Å"Researcher Shows Negative Effects of Advertising on Children.†Fordhamn.edu. Fordham University College, 17 May 2010. Web. 08 Apr. 2013. Morley, Miranda. â€Å"The Positive Effects of Advertising.† Small Business. Chron. N.p., 11 June 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Robins, Kate. â€Å"Food in the News.Fast Food: Truth in Advertising?† Delish. N.p., 16 Nov. 2010. Web. 02. Apr. 2013. Swinson, Jo. â€Å"False Beauty in Advertising and the Pressure to Look ‘good'† CNN. Cable News Network. 10.Aug. 2011. Web. 01 Apr. 2013. CP, Herman. â€Å"Effects of expose to unrealistic promises about dieting.† PubMed. National Center for Biotechnology Information, 25 Mar. 2009. Web. 08 Apr. 2013. Cheeseman, Gina-Marie. â€Å"British Regulatory Agency Bans Christian Dior Mascara Ad.†TriplePundit. N.p., 25 Oct. 2012. Web. 08 Apr. 2013. Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"Kid Kustomer.† From Inquiry to Academic Writing A Text and Reader. 2nd Edition. Ed. Stuart Greene and April Lidinsky. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. 519-526. Print.

Silver

It was fairly common believe in China that with arrival of large amounts of silver would bring prosperity; but with such an extreme amount of this precious metal coming into one are caused problems. The Ming Dynasty declared that all taxes must be payed in silver. This created great disruption in the economy since silver coins were scarce at this time many people were unable to pay their taxes. To suffice the demands of the government a great deal of people would get their silver through middle-men. This exchange for silver lowered the value of Ming goods (Doc3). Wang Xijue, a court official, foresees the possible problems the large amounts of silver that the Ming would have coming into it if they began to trade with Europeans (Doc7). Inflation was a large concern for Xijue. This fear soon became a reality and the uncontrolled flow of silver into Ming China hurt the economy. Ye Chunji, a county official during the Ming Dynasty, ordered a limit to wedding expenses in the 1570’s (Doc1). If these frugal ways would have been instilled in the Ming people, the economy wouldn’t have had such a downfall. Furthermore, now shops would send bills for work and â€Å"must be paid with silver obtained from a moneylender† (Doc5). During this time moneylenders thrived while the Chinese economy suffered. Initially the silver demand help Spain but long term weakened the empire. â€Å"High prices ruined Spain as the prices attracted Asian commodities and the silver currency flowed out to pay for them† (Doc2). Contrastingly, the middle-men were largely benefiting from the trade of silver. Ralph Fitch, a British merchant, stresses this point by saying that the Portuguese received luxurious goods in return for silver in China (Doc4). In Document 8 Charles D’Avenant, an English scholar describes the trade England would have with Spanish colonies of luxury goods for silver for gold (Doc8). He expresses this trade a profitable. In conclusion, the increase in silver production in Japan and the Spanish Empire from 1500 to 1750 benefits the middle man instead of the consumer and supplier. An additional document with numerical evidence of to what extreme the silver trade increased during this time period would be useful to further understand the extent in which this all took place.